j.+Post-Modernism

= POST-MODERNISM =

**Postmodernism** is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the rejection of objective truth and global cultural narrative. It emphasizes the role of language, power relations, and motivations; in particular it attacks the use of sharp classifications such as male versus female, straight versus gay, white versus black, and imperial versus colonial. Postmodernism has influenced many cultural fields, including literary criticism, linguistics, architecture, visual arts, and music.

The term **Postmodern literature** is used to describe certain characteristics of post-World War II literature (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature.

REPRESENTATIVES:
John Barth was born in Cambridge, Maryland, and briefly studied "Elementary Theory and Advanced Orchestration" at Juilliard before attending Johns Hopkins University, receiving a B.A. in 1951 and an M.A. in 1952 (for which he wrote a thesis novel, //The Shirt of Nessus//). He was a professor at Penn State University (1953–1965), SUNY Buffalo (1965–1973), Boston University (visiting professor, 1972–1973), and Johns Hopkins University (1973–1995) before he retired in 1995.
 * John Simmons Barth** (born May 27, 1930) is an American novelist and short-story writer, known for the postmodernist and metafictive quality of his work.[[image:barth.jpg width="195" height="252" align="right"]]


 * //The Sot-Weed Factor// **, Barth's novel, is an 800-page satirical epic of the colonization of Maryland based on the life of an actual poet, Ebenezer Cooke, who wrote a poem of the same title. //The Sot-Weed Factor// is what Northrop Frye called an //anatomy// — a large, loosely structured work, with digressions, distractions, stories within stories, and lists (such as a lengthy exchange of insulting terms by two prostitutes). The fictional Ebenezer Cooke (repeatedly described as "poet and virgin") is a Candide-like innocent who sets out to write a heroic epic, becomes disillusioned and ends up writing a biting satire.

The Sot-Weed Factor-text

Heller is widely regarded as one of the best post-World War II satirists. Although he is remembered primarily for //Catch-22//, his other works center on the lives of various members of the middle class and remain exemplars of modern satire.
 * [[image:240x240_bio_heller.jpg align="left"]]Joseph Heller** (May 1, 1923 – December 12, 1999) was an American satirical novelist, short story writer and playwright. He wrote the influential novel //Catch-22// about American servicemen during World War II. The title of this work entered the English lexicon to refer to absurd, no-win choices, particularly in situations in which the desired outcome of the choice is an impossibility, and regardless of choice, the same negative outcome is a certainty.

The novel follows Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bombardier, and a number of other characters. Most events occur while the airmen of the fictional 256th squadron are based on the island of Pianosa, in the Mediterranean Sea west of Italy.
 * //Catch-22// ** is a satirical, historical novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961. The novel, set during the later stages of World War II from 1943 onwards, is frequently cited as one of the great literary works of the twentieth century. It has a distinctive non-chronological style where events are described from different characters' points of view and out of sequence so that the time line develops along with the plot.

Catch-22 by Joseph Heller


 * Amiri Baraka**, formerly known as **LeRoi Jones**, (born October 7, 1934) is an American writer of poetry, drama, essays, and [[image:amiribaraka69.jpg width="199" height="243" align="right"]]music criticism. An often controversial figure, he is the author of numerous books of poetry and has taught at a number of universities, including the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Baraka was born **Everett LeRoy Jones** in Newark, New Jersey, where he attended Barringer High School. His father, Gearld Roi Jones, worked as a postal supervisor and lift operator. His mother, Anna Lois (née Russ), was a social worker. In 1967 he adopted the African name Imamu Amear Baraka, which he later changed to Amiri Baraka.

The System of Dante's Hell by Amiri Baraka